Salt water or seawater has characteristics similar to fresh water with some. When it begins to boil, some of the water turns into steam. Properties of sea water in this section we will discuss the properties of sea water. Since the important water properties are characterized by its temperature, salinity and pressure, let us start our study there. They can move water horizontally and vertically and occur on both local and global scales. A water mass is a body of water with distinct properties based on where it originates. Ocean water has some unique properties, and in this lesson, you will learn about the properties of ocean water, including salinity, temperature and density. The water molecule results to be charged negatively near the atom. Water is transparent to the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation that fall within the visible spectrum and is opaque to wavelengths above and below this band. The positive area charge hydrogen of one water molecule is attracted to the negative area oxygen of a different water molecule. Ii properties of rivers, streams, lakes and wetlands alekseevskiy n.
Deep and bottom water temperatures are always low, varying between 4c and 1c. However, once in the water, visible light is subject to both refraction and attenuation. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The atom electrons particles with a negative charge establish links between themselves. The properties of sea water include the pressure p, temperature t, salinity s, density d, sound velocity, heat capacity, optical characteristics, and compressibility. Ground water is one of the earths most valuable resource. This makes water very stable and less likely to change forms over a wide range of temperatures. Basic characteristics of ocean water seawater, water masses and currents are given. Additionally, anywhere there is volcanic activity below a depth of 2. The salt in ocean water is mostly sodium chloride, too. It is usually associated with the following characteristics.
Nses physical science, properties and changes of properties in matter. Sea water from areas of great dilution showed a somewhat smaller anomalynamely, 0. The chemical formula of a molecule of water is h2o. The presence of dissolved salts alters the properties of water. Desalination and water treatment 16 2010 354380 355 have important effects in system level design. Thermal expansion is a major factor in sea level rise. Because water seems so ubiquitous, many people are unaware of the unusual and unique properties of water, including. A glance of earth taken from space will depict it blue in color. Types and properties of water encyclopedia of life support. The main chemical ingredient in these solids is salt sodium chloride, nacl, a simple chemical compound found in the tissue of all living organisms. Water is unique because the properties of water allow it to exist in all three states of matter.
However, some living systems are pollutants or lifethreatening with respect to other living systems. Oxygen is more able to keep them close to it than hydrogen. Ocean water density, which is the relative weight of water with a constant volume, depends mainly on its temperature and salinity. A dark band of oceanic productivity runs along with the gulf stream in the northern atlantic and a similar band is found in the north pacific. The hydrogen ion is highly mobile in liquid water, di. This means that every kilogram roughly one litre by volume of seawater has approximately 35 grams 1. Pdf file which includes corrections through june 2017. Understand the nature of the water molecule and its unique properties polarity, density and thermal properties and how these are altered by the presence of salt in solution. Ocean currents and climate national geographic society. Here, the ocean currents distribute the heat and tend to equalize the temperature. The high water content of plants and animals living on land helps them to maintain a relatively constant internal temperature ours is about 98. This drives the global thermohaline circulation because it causes the coldest and saltiest water. Unique physical properties asubstance with the molecular weight ofwater should exist as a gas at room temperature and have a melting point of below 100c.
History, problems and ways of the marine science are considered in the article. When oxygen and hydrogen combine hoh they form a vshaped triangular molecule. It is calculated as the amount of salt in gm dissolved in 1,000 gm 1 kg of seawater. Ocean water that is nearly surrounded by land may have higher temperatures, but the open sea, where the water is free to move about, hardly ever heats above 30c. This is the mechanism by which seasalt is transfered from the ocean to land. On average, seawater in the worlds oceans has a salinity of about 3. Know the types of materials that are dissolved in sea water, their importance and how they vary with time. The composition of seawater ocean water contains salts in the form of dissolved ions. Physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water 3.
Understand water s unique properties, the fundamental reasons for those properties, and some of the implications for the functioning of the ocean in the earth system. Seawater, water that makes up the oceans and seas, covering more than 70 percent of earths surface. Ocean currents are located at the ocean surface and in deep water below 300 meters 984 feet. When oceanographers know salinity and other properties of different water masses, they can trace a water mass as it moves through the ocean. Ocean water has many different chemicals in it, especially salt. The average salinity of the ocean is 35ppt parts per thousand or, which means that for every. Physical properties of sea water mit opencourseware. So, it has a great ability to dissolve the most ionic compounds such as the table salt sodium chloride. Affects the freezing point of seawater affects the temperature of maximum density of seawater changes in salinity drive thermohaline circulation temperature and salinity characteristics fingerprint origin of water masses accuracy of determination needed is a function of the problem being addressed, e.
Properties of water notes water is a molecule made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. In the space below, draw 10 water molecules to create a cluster. Water is usually a liquid, but when it reaches to 32 fahrenheit f, it freezes into ice. This is because deep ocean water, rich in nutrients, is able to surface here, due to special temperature and salinity conditions. Oceanography notes ocean water properties and currents. This weak attraction is often referred to as hydrogen bonding. Pdf properties of seawaterdocumentary researchgate. The specific heat of water is 5 times greater than of sand. Types and properties of water encyclopedia of life.
Cold, salty water is denser and sinks to the bottom of the ocean. For the normal range of salinity in the ocean, the maximum density occurs at the freezing point, which is depressed to well below 0 c figure 3. However, there isno doubt that water has the largest collection ofanomalous properties ofany common substance. The ocean has an interconnected current, or circulation, system powered by wind, tides, the earths rotation coriolis effect, the sun solar energy, and. Water is a chemical compound that can be found in a. Chapter 24 ocean water section 1 properties of ocean. It is anomalous in many of its physical and chemical properties. The salinity, or saltiness, of the ocean is a measure of the mass of dissolved salt in the ocean. Discussion ocean water is a combination of freshwater and a variety of dissolved ions of salts and other trace elements. Additionally, for each function, the original journal papers used to generate the functions are also mentioned. Table salt is made up of the chemical sodium chloride nacl. The structure of the water molecule and how this structure is the principal reason for waters unique physical and chemical properties.
The oceans their physics, chemistry, and general biology. Our need for water and the ocean animals that live in water, is what make oil spills so damaging. Algae and zooplankton id lab the great plankton race aquatic food webnpzd. This blue color is actually water, the major part of the earth is covered with water. Pure water the anomalous properties of pure water are as follows. The ocean occupies over 70% of the earths surface and represents a rich and diverse biome in a river base, all of the water eventually flows to the same place. The states of the water are the solidstate ice, the liquid state the water, and the gaseous state the water vapour at the normal temperature. Except in special areas,such as in the baltic sea, the black sea, and off the mouths of large rivers, it is not necessary to consider that the. It supports many different organisms, or living things. Jul 23, 2017 the classification of water based on total salt content is. Sound is one of the most important probes we have for measuring various quantities in the ocean.
Johnson research foundation, university of pennsylvania, philadelphia, pennsylvania, usa water is a major component of all living things. The water may be rinsed down the drain according to. Most of the water in the ocean basins is believed to originate from the condensation of water found in the early atmosphere as the earth cooled after its formation. The properties of water are special because of the way its atoms bond together to form a water molecule, and the way the molecules interact with each other. Watersheds are the areas of land that water drains in to when the ground is saturated or impermeable. How variable are these properties over time and space. We need water for almost everything, for example drinking, bathing, cooking etc and therefore we should know about the properties of water.
The salt in sea water is a lot like the salt we sprinkle on food. However, because seawater is a mixture of pure water and sea salts, salinity which is the mass of dissolved salts per unit mass of seawater should be known as a third independent property in addition to temperature and pressure. The large heat capacity of seawater is one of the reasons the ocean is important for climate. Main course and features of marine pollution and environment protection measures are discussed.
Some are essential for life while others have profound effects on. This water was released from the lithosphere as the earths crust solidified. Understand waters unique properties, the fundamental reasons for those properties, and some of the implications for the functioning of the ocean in the earth system. Chapter 24 ocean water section 1 properties of ocean water. Scientists study properties of ocean water to understand how the ocean, atmosphere, and land interact. A introduction to properties of water lecture notes. The ocean is different from lakes and rivers for two primary reasons. Through the operation of the water circulation on the earth, the entire. Hardness is a natural characteristic of water which can enhance its palatability and consumer acceptability for drinking. Pdf physical, chemical and biological characteristics of. Thermocline theres a point where water temperature decreases sharply with depth. Samples from the depths of the ocean were higher than the average.
The makeup of the oceans is paramount to all these interrelated functions. The water soon evaporates leaving a small aerosol of seasalt. The highest surface salinity in the open ocean is observed at the subtropical latitudes where intense solar radiation and steady winds. Flinn scientifics density box demonstration, ap4784, works well for this demonstration. Most finegrained surface sediments have a porosity volume of pores to volume of solids of greater than 90%. Seawater, or salt water, is water from a sea or ocean. Ocean salinity salinity is the term used to define the total content of dissolved salts in sea water.
Properties of water and seawater the nature of pure water seawater is mostly water h2o. Khublaryan 577,000 km3 per year a mean water layer of 1. At depth, pressure from the overlying ocean water becomes very high pressure at 4,000 meters is about 400 atmospheres, but water is only slightly compressible, so that there is only a. What exactly are the chemical and physical properties of water generally and seawater specifically. It is usually expressed as parts per thousand or ppt.
The water is a good polar solvent you notice that the water is a good polar solvent. Some properties of ocean water that scientists study are chemical composition. Submarine lab ocean pressure whats in a drop of water lab. Light rays that enter the water at any angle other than a right angle are refracted i. Properties of oceans, inlandseas, coastal zones and estuaries. The chemical composition of water is h 2 o two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Be sure to indicate the hydrogen bonds that link the water molecules. Swartout and dole 1939found that the density of water distilled from a seawater sample was 1. Those terms that are please illustrate overturn thermohaline circulation convergence. On a hot summer day, beach sand may quickly warm to the point that it is too hot to stand on while ocean water warms only a little. Fresh water less than 1,000 ppm slightly saline water from 1,000 ppm to 3,000 ppm moderately saline water from 3,000 ppm to 10,000 ppm highly saline water from 10,000 ppm to 35,000 ppm ocean water has a salinity that is approximately 35,000 ppm. With 70% of our earth being ocean water and 65% of our bodies being water, it is hard to not be aware of how important it is in our lives. Salinitya measure of the dissolved salts in waterexpressed in parts per thousand 00 35gg seawater 35 00important in identifying water masses water mass.
The structure of the water molecule and how this structure is the principal reason for water s unique physical and chemical properties. Particular information will include details on the composition of ocean water and how it interacts with the physical world. In the study of the oceans, the most important dynamic property of seawater is its density. Salinitya measure of the dissolved salts in water expressed in parts per thousand 00 35gg seawater 35 00important in identifying water masses. The density of sea water is also more sensitive to temperature than that of fresh water. The ocean is composed of primarily water, however the chemical and biological sediments carried by rivers are present too, as are similar constituents formed from the falling of rain through pollution and the remnants of aquatic life cycles. The physical and the chemical properties of the water. While water molecules are electrically neutral, the oxygen atom holds a small negative charge and the two hydrogen atoms hold small positive. Unesco eolss sample chapters types and properties of water vol. These two unusual properties allow water to moderate earths. Some properties of ocean water that scientists study are chemical composition salinity temperature density color.